Silent vowel letters in East Cree

What are silent vowel letters?

If you have ever pronounced [ səˈpʰoʊz ] suppose as [ ˈspoʊz ] spose or [ pʰəˈtʰeɪdoʊ ] potato as [ pʰˈtʰeɪdoʊ ] ptato, then you already know something about silent vowel letters: English speakers tend to leave out at least some instances of the first sound in suppose and potato in faster speech, and to pronounce the same vowels in slower speech.

In contrast, silent vowel letters are much more common in East Cree, even in slower speech. The letters I, U, and A can all be silent in East Cree. For example, in the NEC word ᐋᐱᐦᑐᐎᓐ aapihtuwin, the I in PIH is silent. In the NEC word ᐊᑎᐦᒄ atihkw, the I in TIH is silent. In fact, you can only hear one vowel in atihkw, the first A, which is pronounced as an [ ɪ ]-like sound; if you were to just look at the spelling you would think that this word had two syllables; however, you can only hear one syllable.

The term ‘silent vowels’ only make sense if we refer to the spelling: we cannot hear silent vowels; we can only observe that the letters I, U or A are sometimes not pronounced. This page, then, is different from the other pages about vowels because it focuses on the spelling, rather than the pronunciation.

Why should I spell silent vowels?

If the I is silent in aapihtuwin, why not spell the word as aaphtuwin? Or why not spell atihkw as athkw? There are two main reasons.

If we include silent vowel letters in the spelling, it is easier for speakers of other varieties of Cree to read East Cree (and the other way around). For example, the Plains Cree word for ‘beaver’ is amiskw, the same spelling as in East Cree; however, it has a different pronunciation. If the East Cree word for ‘beaver’ were spelled the way it sounds, (amskw), then it would be more difficult to tell that Plains Cree amiskw and East Cree ‘amskw‘ are the same word.

We should also spell silent vowel letters because they are sometimes pronounced, as in the following NEC examples.

		Lax vowels are pronounced		Lax vowels are not pronounced
Northern			IPA		IPA
ᓂᔥᑎᒥᑎᓂᐤ	nishtimitiniu		[nɪʃtʊmˈtɪnəʊ]		[nʃtʊmˈtɪnəʊ]
ᐅᐦᐱᓂᒻ	uhpinim		[ʊhˈpɪnʊm]		[xˈpɪnʊm], [hˈpɪnʊm]
ᐅᑎᓂᒻ	utinim		[ʊˈtɪnʊm]		[ʊˈtn̩ʊm]

The remaining discussion focuses on how to pronounce words with silent vowels.When are lax vowel letters silent?The lax vowel letters are more likely to be silent when they are between P, T, K, S, SH, or H. However, they can also be silent if they occur before or after M and N, or at the beginning or end of the word. The following topics are covered on this page:

• silent vowel letters between P, T, K, S, SH, or H.
  • silent vowel letters that leave a trace
  • silent vowel letters that leave no trace
  • silent vowel letters in CHIS, CHISH, CHICH spellings
• silent vowel letters and the nasals (M and N)
• silent vowel letters at the beginning of the word
• silent vowel letters at the end of the word
• more about silent vowel letters

Silent vowel letters between P, T, K, S, SH, or H’Silent’ vowel letters sometimes leave a trace, and sometimes not. Both types of situation are described below.Silent vowel letters that leave a ‘trace’In spellings like PI, TI, KI, PU, TU, and KU, the letters I and U can be silent. However, they often leave a trace:

• Both I and U can leave a H-like trace [ ʰ ], and
• U can leave a whispered-W-like trace [ ʷ ], or [ u̥ ]; it can also leave an H-like trace.

To illustrate the effects of silent vowel letters, syllable-like units are shown in the following examples. Each syllable-like unit is separated by a hyphen.Silent I leaves an H-like trace after P, T, or K; what you hear as a result is a prominent P, T, or K sound:* Here, PIHY sounds like the initial ‘py’ sounds in English pure.Silent U can also sound like [ ʰ ], [ ʷ ], or [ u̥ ] after P, T, or K* Also see the pronunciation of CHIS for this example.Also notice that when I and U leave a trace, both TIH and TI will sound like T: in other words the H in TIH cannot be heard as a separate sound. Similarly, both KIH and KI can sound like K, and both KUH and KU can sound like KW, etc.Silent vowel letters that leave no ‘trace’If the silent vowel letter is followed by S or SH, it leaves no trace. Instead, you simply hear an [ s ] or [ ʃ ] sound:ISH sounds like [ ʃ ]IS sounds like [ s ]* Also see the pronunciation of CHIS for this example.Similarly, a silent vowel letter between two identical consonants leaves no trace and you hear a long consonant sound instead.* You can hear a long [ pp ] sound in the phrase keep Pam.** You can hear a long [ mm ] sound in the phrase same man.*** You can hear a long [ ʃʃ ] sound in wish she.Finally, in spellings like TIM and PUM, the I leaves no [ ʰ ]-like trace after the T or the P. This is described in the section on nasals below. First, however, we describe the special case of silent vowels in syllables containing CH.Silent vowel letters in CHIS, CHISH, CHICH spellingsThe letter I is always silent in the spellings CHIS, CHISH, and CHICH as can be heard in the following examples. More information and more examples can be found on the page describing CH.* Also see the page about IU.Silent vowel letters and the nasals (M and N)In spellings like NI and MI, the I can be silent. In such cases, all you hear is the consonant.MI sounds like [ m ]NI sounds like [ n ]The letter I can also be silent in the TIN spelling. In such cases, you can hear [ dn̩ ], the same sounds you hear at the end of the word sudden.In spellings like TIM and PUM, the I leaves no [ ʰ ]-like trace after the T or the P.* TIM sounds like the [ tm ] sounds in the phrase light mine.** PUM sounds like the [ pm ] sounds in the phrase rub mine.Silent vowel letters at the beginning of the wordVowel letters at the beginning of the word are sometimes silent. This is most common when the preceding word ends in a vowel.The prefix NIT also has a silent letter I. NIT can sound like [ n̩t ], where [ n̩ ] stands for a long (syllabic) nasal sound and sometimes it can sound like [ ɨnt ] instead of [ n̩t ]. The next two examples illustrate both these sounds.Silent vowel letters at the end of the wordThe letters U and UH are silent at the end of a word, but leave a trace. See the page on final U and [ʷ] for a more in-depth discussion on this topic. More examples can also be heard on the page describing W Clusters .* Also see the pronunciation of CHIS for this example.More about silent vowel lettersSo far, you have learned that the lax vowel letters are more likely to be silent

• when they are between P, T, K, S, SH, or H, or
• when they occur before or after M and N, or
• when they are at the beginning or end of the word.

This is only part of the story, however. For example, while the I can be silent (with a trace) between P, T, K, S, SH, or H, it is not always so. Listen to the following two words in Northern East Cree. The letter I is silent in the first word but in the second word both I’s are pronounced. The rhythm of the word helps determine whether or not a vowel is silent. Details about this complicated topic aside, it is possible to say that in NEC, lax vowel letters are pronounced when they are accented, as in the first syllable in the word kipitau and that lax vowel letters are more likely to be silent when next to tense vowels, for example in the NEC word kaasiinikin. For more about rhythm, see the page on accent.

Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᐹᑎᑯᑦ		paatikut	paa- tikut	[ pa – tʰkʊtʰ ]
ᐱᒋᔅᑎᐦᐙᐤ		pichistihwaau	pi – chistihwaau	[ pɨ – tstʰwaw ]
ᑎᐦᑳᐤ		tihkaau	tihkaau	[ tʰkaw ]
ᐙᐱᐦᔮᐤ		waapihyaau *	waa – pihyaau	[ wa – pj̥aw ]
ᐋᑯᔮᑭᐦᐄᑭᓐ		aakuyaakihiikin	aa – ku – yaa – kihii – kin	[ a – ku – ja – kʰi – kɪn ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᐋᐦᑯᓯᐤ		aahkusiu	aah- kusiu	[ a – kʷsu ]
ᐋᐱᑯᔒᔥ		aapikushiish	aa-pi – ku – shiish	[ a – pʊ – kʷ – ʃiʃ ]
ᑳᒋᔅᑐᐦ		kaachistuh *	kaa – chis – tuh	[ ka – ts – tu̥ʰ ]
ᒀᔥᑯᐦᑎᐤ		kwaashkuhtiu	kwaash – kuh – tiu	[ kɔʃ – kʰtu ]
ᓃᔓ		niishu	niii – shu	[ ni – ʃʷ ]
ᓂᑐᐦᑎᐙᐤ		nituhtiwaau	ni – tuhti – waau	[ ɨn – tʰtɪ – waw ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᐃᔨᑭᔥᑳᐤ		iyikishkaau	i – yi – kishkaau	[ i – ji – kʃkaw ]
ᑆᓂᔥ		pwaanish	pwaanish	[ pɔntʃ ]
ᐅᑯᐦᑎᔥᑯᐃ		ukuhtishkui	u – ku – tishkui	[ u – ku – tʃkʊy ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᒫᒫᐱᓱᓐ		maamaapisun	maa – maa – pisun	[ ma – ma – psʊn ]
ᒦᐱᑎᓲᑉ		miipitisuup	mii – pi – tisuup	[mi – pɪ – tsup ]
ᐃᔨᑭᔅᒋᓰᐤ		iyikischisiiu *	i – yi – kischisiiu	[ i – jɪ – kstsu ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᒀᔅᒋᐱᐳᓐ		kwaaschipipun *	kwaas – chi – pipun	[ kɔs – tsɪ – ppʊn ]
ᒥᒫᓃᐙᐤ		mimaaniiwaau **	mi – maa – nii – waau	[ mma – ni – waw ]
ᐊᒥᔥᑯᔑᔥ		amishkushish ***	amish – kushish	[ ɛmʃ – kʊʃʃ ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᑳᒋᔅᑐᐦ		kaachistuh	kaa – chistuh	[ ka – tstu̥ʰ ]
ᐃᔨᑭᔅᒋᓰᐤ		iyikischisiiu *	i – yi – kischisiiu	[ i – jɪ – kstsu ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᐊᒥᔅᒄ		amiskw	amiskw	[ ɛmskʷ ]
ᐊᒥᔥᑯᔑᔥ		amishkushish	amish – kushish	[ ɛmʃ – kʊʃʃ ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᓂᒋᒄ		nichikw	ni – chikw	[ ɛn – tsʊkʷ ]
ᑳᓰᓂᑭᓐ		kaasiinikin	kaa – siini – kin	[ ka – sin – kɪn ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᐅᐲᐙᐅᔥᑐᑎᓐ		upiiwaaushtutin	u – pii – waaush – tu – tin	[ u – pi – ɔʃ – tʊ – dn̩ ]
ᓃᔥᑎᓂᐤ		niishtiniu	niish – tiniu	[ niʃ-tn̩u ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᐐᐐᑎᒫ		wiiwiitimaa *	wii – wii – timaa	[ wi – wi – tma ]
ᔖᐳᒥᓐ		shaapumin **	shaa – pumin	[ ʃa – pmɪn ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᐅᑖᔥᑎᒥᐦᒄ		utaashtimihkw	utaash – ti – mihkw	[ taʃ – tɪ – mʊkʷ ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᓂᑐᒋᑭᓐ		nituchikin	ni – tu – chi – kin	[ n̩ – tu – tʃɪ – kɪn ]
ᓂᑐᐦᑎᐙᐤ		nituhtiwaau	ni – tuh – ti – waau	[ ɨn – tu̥ʰ – tɪ – waw ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᓃᔓ		niishu	niiishu	[ niʃʷ ]
ᑳᒋᔅᑐᐦ		kaachistuh *	kaa – chistuh	[ ka – tstu̥ʰ ]
Southern			Syllables	IPA
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᐄᔮᐦᑎᒀᔥᑦ		iiyaahtikwaasht	ii – yaah – ti – kwaasht	[ i – jah – tʰ – kɔʃt ]
ᑭᐱᑕᐤ		kipitau	ki – pi – tau	[ kɪ – pɪ – taw ]
Northern			Syllables	IPA
ᑭᐱᑕᐤ		kipitau	ki – pi – tau	[ kɪ – pɪ – taw ]
ᑳᓰᓂᑭᓐ		kaasiinikin	kaa – siini – kin	[ ka – sin – kɪn ]